5/25/2023 0 Comments Cardinal virtuesTemperance – Cicero and Plato sometimes preferred the word sōphrosynē – was common to all classes, but primarily associated with the producing classes, the farmers and craftsmen, and with the animal appetites, to whom no special virtue was assigned. "Clearly, then, it will be wise, brave, temperate, and just". Plato narrates a discussion of the character of a good city where the following is agreed upon. Plato identified the four cardinal virtues with the classes of the city described in The Republic, and with the faculties of man. The four cardinal virtues appear as a group (sometimes included in larger lists) long before they are later given this title. The term cardinal comes from the Latin cardo (hinge) virtues are so called because they are regarded as the basic virtues required for a virtuous life. Cicero expanded on them, and Ambrose, Augustine of Hippo, and Thomas Aquinas adapted them while expanding on the theological virtues. These principles derive initially from Plato in Republic Book IV, 426–435 (and see Protagoras 330b, which also includes piety ( hosiotes)). Plato considered Sōphrosynē, which may also be translated as sound-mindedness, to be the most important virtue. Temperance ( σωφροσύνη, sōphrosýnē Latin: temperantia): also known as restraint, the practice of self-control, abstention, discretion, and moderation tempering the appetite. Fortitude ( ἀνδρεία, andreía Latin: fortitudo): also termed courage, forbearance, strength, endurance, and the ability to confront fear, uncertainty, and intimidation.Justice ( δικαιοσύνη, dikaiosýnē Latin: iustitia): also considered as fairness this Greek word also has the meaning righteousness.Prudence ( φρόνησις, phrónēsis Latin: prudentia also Wisdom, Sophia, sapientia), the ability to discern the appropriate course of action to be taken in a given situation at the appropriate time.Four cardinal virtues were recognized by Plato, the Stoics (who united them into one,) and in traditional Christian theology:
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